Photosynthesis
Reading
OpenStax book: Ch. 5 - "Photosynthesis"
BJU: Section 4.2 - "Photosynthesis"
AP students additional reading: Princeton Review "Cellular Energetics" up through Photosynthesis.
Topics
Labs
Memo: 2020-2021 labs will include hands-on and virtual, and may vary as the Covid-19 situation changes. Some of you want more hands-on than others. We will do what we can do.
OpenStax book: Ch. 5 - "Photosynthesis"
BJU: Section 4.2 - "Photosynthesis"
AP students additional reading: Princeton Review "Cellular Energetics" up through Photosynthesis.
Topics
- Photosystems I and II
- Electron Transport Chain
- Calvin Cycle
- Energy molecules ATP and NADPH
Labs
Memo: 2020-2021 labs will include hands-on and virtual, and may vary as the Covid-19 situation changes. Some of you want more hands-on than others. We will do what we can do.
- Bio-Rad Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration lab ("Algae Beads" lab). This is an excellent multi-session lab covering both Cell Respiration AND Photosynthesis, and fulfills the AP "dirty dozen labs" # 5 and #6. There are lab reports for both regular and AP levels. It requires handing out special materials to students to complete at home. We'll assess when we get here based on the Covid-19 situation.
- There are several virtual lab options for Cell Energetics if we need them
Introduction
At this point in the course, we are beginning to see that every cell is really a complex factory, full of nano-machines, walking motor-proteins, and spinning turbo-generators - and that's what makes Biology and Biotechnology incredibly fascinating.
Plants and algae get their energy and raw-materials from sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO2) in a the process known as photosynthesis. In this incredibly fascinating process, the plant captures photons of light on chlorophyll, which in turn converts the electromagnetic light energy into electrical energy (just like an antenna), and then sends the electricity down the line on a series of protein transport molecules which also function as proton pumps, eventually reaching a rotating, proton-powered turbine called ATP Synthase, which charges-up new ATP energy molecules using a rotating camshaft - just like cellular respiration does. The newly-charged ATP energy molecules then power a complex chemical factory within the leaf - the ATP functioning just like a battery - wherein the plant manufactures all its starch, cellulose, and other molecules from carbon (C) it obtains from atmospheric CO2. Putting it another way, the plant literally 'builds itself' from the CO2 contained in the atmosphere - using ATP batteries which have been charged by a rotary turbine, which is powered by a stream of protons, which were pumped using electricity, which was obtained from an antenna (chlorophyll molecule), which originally had captured a bit of sunlight. When you stand back and realize the shear beauty and engineering complexity contained within that process, Biology and Biotechnology get very exciting!
2019 Lab, part 2: We will continue to make our own biofuel, concentrate it, and run a Stirling Motor with it. This two-session lab is an excellent way to learn about cellular respiration, chemical energy, enzymes, fermentation, lab techniques, and how biofuels are made.
At this point in the course, we are beginning to see that every cell is really a complex factory, full of nano-machines, walking motor-proteins, and spinning turbo-generators - and that's what makes Biology and Biotechnology incredibly fascinating.
Plants and algae get their energy and raw-materials from sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO2) in a the process known as photosynthesis. In this incredibly fascinating process, the plant captures photons of light on chlorophyll, which in turn converts the electromagnetic light energy into electrical energy (just like an antenna), and then sends the electricity down the line on a series of protein transport molecules which also function as proton pumps, eventually reaching a rotating, proton-powered turbine called ATP Synthase, which charges-up new ATP energy molecules using a rotating camshaft - just like cellular respiration does. The newly-charged ATP energy molecules then power a complex chemical factory within the leaf - the ATP functioning just like a battery - wherein the plant manufactures all its starch, cellulose, and other molecules from carbon (C) it obtains from atmospheric CO2. Putting it another way, the plant literally 'builds itself' from the CO2 contained in the atmosphere - using ATP batteries which have been charged by a rotary turbine, which is powered by a stream of protons, which were pumped using electricity, which was obtained from an antenna (chlorophyll molecule), which originally had captured a bit of sunlight. When you stand back and realize the shear beauty and engineering complexity contained within that process, Biology and Biotechnology get very exciting!
2019 Lab, part 2: We will continue to make our own biofuel, concentrate it, and run a Stirling Motor with it. This two-session lab is an excellent way to learn about cellular respiration, chemical energy, enzymes, fermentation, lab techniques, and how biofuels are made.
Lecture outline
In our previous Unit, we covered animal cells:
In this Unit, we are talking about plant cells:
In our previous Unit, we covered animal cells:
- Animal cells get their energy and raw-materials by breaking down glucose (blood sugar) in a process called cellular respiration.
- We are also learning in our Biofuels Lab that yeast and certain bacteria - although not in the animal kingdom - also perform step 1 of cellular respiration - leading to fermentation.
In this Unit, we are talking about plant cells:
- Plant cells get their energy and raw materials from sunlight and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in a process called photosynthesis.
- It's important to note that algae - although not in the plant kingdom - also carries out photosynthesis. The algae in the world's oceans actually produce most of the oxygen (O2) we breathe.
- It's also important to note that plants have mitochondria - in addition to having chloroplasts - and thus they carry-out cellular respiration as well as photosynthesis.
| Photosynthesis lecture slides |
Video clips below: we will watch and discuss in class
LABS & HOMEWORK BELOW: There are numerous labs, projects, presentations, and homework exercises posted on this portal. Don't panic. Some of these are current, some are left over from prior years, and some are just "parked" here for future use. DO NOT WORK ON A LAB OR HOMEWORK EXERCISE unless it has been assigned in your weekly class email! Due to the 2020-2021 Covid-19 situation, I will assign labs and homework as we go along based on what we are able to do.
LABS & HOMEWORK BELOW: There are numerous labs, projects, presentations, and homework exercises posted on this portal. Don't panic. Some of these are current, some are left over from prior years, and some are just "parked" here for future use. DO NOT WORK ON A LAB OR HOMEWORK EXERCISE unless it has been assigned in your weekly class email! Due to the 2020-2021 Covid-19 situation, I will assign labs and homework as we go along based on what we are able to do.
Photosynthesis homework
| 6._photosynthesis_homework_questions1.docx |
Biofuels Lab - part 2: Distillation and Combustion
(NOTE: THE BIOFUELS LAB will only work in a non-Covid-19 scenario, so we will be doing other things in 2020-2021)
In this 2-part lab, we will make ethanol from carbohydrates, concentrate it using distillation, and demonstrate its capability as a fuel by running a Sterling Engine. This project is an excellent platform for learning about 1) cellular respiration and 2) modern biotechnology.
- Break-down carbohydrates into sugars using amylase enzyme. This is called "conversion".
- Detect sugars and carbohydrates using the Benedicts Reagent test and the Iodine test.
- Ferment
- Prove that fermentation produces CO2 as a waste byproduct. Bubble CO2 off-gas through lime water to create Calcium Carbonate precipitate, and observe the accompanying pH reduction.
- Concentrate the ethanol from 10% up to 90%+ using distillation
- Use the ethanol biofuel to run a Sterling Engine
Learning objectives:
- Fermentation is an anaerobic (without oxygen) process which converts glucose into energy for the cells.
- Yeast (and your muscle cells) can use fermentation to generate energy quickly in the absence of oxygen.
- Fermentation represents only the first stage of Respiration. Your body's cells will normally go further to Kreb's Cycle and to Oxidative Phosphorylation - yielding much more energy.
- Fermentation starts with Glucose (6-carbon molecule) and ends at Pyruvate (3-carbon molecule). Complete cellular respiration, by comparison, converts the Glucose (6-carbons) all the way to Carbon Dioxide and water.
Bio-Rad Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration lab - "Algae Beads lab"
We beta-tested this new Bio-Rad lab in 2018.
This two-part lab allows students to measure Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration first-hand by using the fresh-water algae "Scenedesmus obliquus". The lab can be done at two levels: Regular and AP.
| 5._algae_beads_lab_-_student_guide__CORE LAB ONLY_.pdf |
| 5._algae_beads_lab_-_student_guide__COMPLETE_.pdf |
| 6._algae_beads_post-lab_analysis_with_brown_kelp_study1.docx |